This course studies the fundamentals of how the design and operation of internal combustion engines affect their performance, efficiency, fuel requirements, and environmental impact. Topics include fluid flow, thermodynamics, combustion, heat transfer, friction phenomena, and fuel properties, with reference to engine power, efficiency, and emissions. Students examine the design features and operating characteristics of different types of internal combustion engines: spark-ignition, diesel, stratified-charge, and mixed-cycle engines

COURSE OUTLINE

Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines

Engine & Heat Engine

Comparison of Internal and External combustion engines

Pros and Cons of Internal Combustion engines

Engine classification.

Classification of the Basis of Cycle of Operation
Classification of the Basis of Type of Fuel Used
Classification of the Basis of Method of Charging
Classification of the Basis of Type of Ignition
Classification of the Basis of Type of Cooling
Classification of the Basis of Cylinder Arrangement

Basic engine components of IC Engine

Nomenclature of IC Engine

Four-stroke Spark Ignition SI Engines (Gasoline or Otto) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Otto Cycle

Four-stroke Compression Ignition CI Engines (Diesel) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Diesel Cycle

Comparison of four-stroke Spark Ignition SI and Compression Ignition CI Engines

Interactive learning of engine components and classification

Application of IC and EC Engines.

Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Engines

Engine performance parameters

Indicated Thermal Efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency
Mechanical Efficiency
Volumetric Efficiency
Relative Efficiency
Mean Effective pressure
Mean piston speed
Specific Power Output
Specific fuel consumption
Fuel-air (?/?) or Air-fuel Ratio (?/?)
Equivalence ratio
Calorific Value

Problem-based learning of Engine measurement and testing (Numerical)

Otto cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output, and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Otto cycle

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Otto cycle (Numerical)

Diesel cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Diesel cycle

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Diesel cycle (Numerical)

Dual cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Dual cycle.

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Dual cycle (Numerical)

Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles

Understand the Brayton Cycle

How to do soft calculations and plotting in excel for Solving Numerical

Why it is important to study types of fuels and their characteristics?

Types of fuels (Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Fuels)

Chemical structure of Petroleum

Important qualities of SI engine fuels

Volatility
Starting & Warm-up
Operating range performance:
Crankcase Dilution
Vapor Lock Characteristics:
Antiknock Quality
Gum Deposits
Sulphur Content

Important qualities of CI engine fuels

Knock Characteristics
Volatility
Starting Characteristics
Smoking and Odour
Viscosity
Corrosion and Wear
Handling Ease

Rating of SI & CI Engine Fuels

The calorific value of fuel

Why there is a need for alternate fuels?

Alcohol as a fuel
Hydrogen as a fuel
Natural gas as a fuel
LPG as fuel

Carburetor In Internal Combustion Engines

Factors Affecting Carburetion

The Engine Speed
Vaporization Characteristics of the Fuel
The temperature of Incoming Air
Design

Air-Fuel Mixture Requirements

Idling/ Starting
Cruising/ Normal Power
Maximum Power/ Acceleration

Components of Carburetor

Fuel Strainer
Float Chamber
Fuel Discharge Nozzle
Choke Valve
Throttle Valve

Principle of Carburetion

Deficiencies of the Elementary Carburetor

Understand Modern Carburetor Design

Compensating Devices

Air Bleed Jet
Compensating Jet
Emulsion Tube

Types of Carburetor Based on Direction of Flow

Up-draught
Down-draught
Cross –draught

Calculation of air Fuel Ratio in Carburetor

Problem-based learning of the Carburetor (Numerical)

Mechanical Injection Systems

Comparison between Carburetor and Mechanical Injection Systems

Functional Requirements of Injection Systems

Classification of Injection Systems

Air Injection System
Solid (Airless) Injection System

Main Components and working of Mechanical Injection Systems

Various Fuel Injection Systems

Individual Pump and Nozzle Systems
Unit Injector System
Common Rail System
Distributor System

Comparison of Various Fuel Injection System

Types of Pump in Fuel Injection Systems

Fuel Feed Pumps
Injection Pumps
Jerk Type Pumps
Distributor Type Pumps

Injection Pump Governor

Mechanical Governor
Pneumatic Governor

Fuel Injector Assembly and its working

Nozzle in Combustion Chamber

Functions of Nozzle

Types of Nozzles

Spray formation in Combustion Chamber

Quantity of Fuel and Size of Nozzle Orifice

Injection in SI Engines (Continued and Time Injection)

Combustion Process and Combustion Chambers in IC Engines

Introduction to Combustion

Combustion Reactions and Equations

Calorific Valves & Homogenous mixture of air and fuel for Combustion

Combustion in SI Engines

Stages of Combustion in SI Engines

Flame Front Propagation

Factors influencing the flame speed during Combustion

Temperature and Pressure
Engine Output
Engine Speed
Engine Size

Phenomena of Knock in SI Engines

Effects of Engine Variables on Knocking

Density Factors
Time Factors
Composition Factors

Combustion in CI Engines

Stages of Combustion in CI Engines

Ignition Delay Period
Period of Rapid / Uncontrolled Combustion
Period of controlled Combustion

Factors affecting the delay period

Compression Ratio
Intake Temperature
Intake Pressure
Quality of Fuels
Speed
Output
Atomization and Duration of Injection
Injection Timing

Comparison between SI and CI Engine Knocking

Characteristics of tending to Reduce Detonation or Knock

Combustion Chambers of SI and CI Engines

Numerical Problems Combustion and Combustion Chambers

Internal Combustion Engine Emissions and Control

Introduction to IC Engine Emissions

Air Pollution due to IC Engine

Euro Norms / European Emission Standards

Classification of Engine Emissions

Causes of Hydrocarbon Emission

Incomplete Combustion
Crevice Volumes and Flow in Crevices
Leakage past the Exhaust Valves
Valve Overlap
Deposits on Walls
Oil on Combustion Chamber Walls

HC Emissions from SI and CI Engines

Other Types of Engine Emissions

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emissions
Photochemical Smog
Particulates Emission
Aldehydes and Lead Emission
Oxides of Sulfur (SOx) Emissions

Engine Emissions Controls

Modification in Engine Design & Operating Parameters

Combustion Chamber Configuration
Lower Compression Ratio
Modified Induction System
Ignition Timing
Reduced Valve Overlap

Emissions Control by Exhaust Gas Oxidation

Thermal Converters
Catalytic Converters
Exhaust Manifold Reactor
Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Particulate Traps
Crankcase Blowby

Emission Control by Modification of Fuels

Lubrication and Lubrication Systems in IC Engines

Introduction to Lubrication

Lubrication and its Functions

Physical and Chemical Stability of Lubricant

Properties and Viscocity of Lubricants

Flash Point and Free Point Temperature
Cloud Point and Pour Point Temperature
Oiliness, Anti Corrosive and Emulsification
Adhesiveness, Film Strength & Specific Gravity
Neutralization Number

Lubricating Oil Additives

Detergents
Dispersants
Anti-Wear Additives
Rust Inhibitors
Viscosity Index Improvers
Pour Point Additives
Anti-Foaming Agents
Anti-Oxidants
Oiliness Improvement

Type of Lubricants

Mineral Oils
Fatty Oils
Synthetic Oils
Multi-Grade Oils
Greases

Lubrication Systems

Wet Sump Lubrication System
Dry Sump Lubrication System
Mist Lubrication System

Engine Cooling Systems for IC Engines

The necessity of Engine Cooling

Demerits of Over Cooling

Gas Temperature Variation

Effects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat Transfer

Compression Ratio
Air Fuel Ratio
Ignition Timing
Load and Speed

Cooling Systems

Air-Cooling Systems
Liquid/Water Cooling Systems